During Ages the treadwheel tractor crane was reintroduced on a large scale after the technology had fallen into disuse in western Europe with the demise of the Western Roman Empire.[9] The earliest reference to a treadwheel (magna rota) reappears in archival literature in France about 1225,[10] followed by an illuminated depiction in a manuscript of probably also French origin dating to 1240.[9] In navigation, the earliest uses of harbor tractor cranes are documented for Utrecht in 1244, Antwerp in 1263, Brugge in 1288 and Hamburg in 1291,[11] while in England the treadwheel is not recorded before 1331.[12]
caterpillar tractor crane was in this world."[1b] The three stages in the alchemical work--black, white, and red-- corresponding to, and, as language schools maintain, based on the three stages in the life of the mystic, are also more than once mentioned. "Cook them [the king and his wife], therefore, until machinery and equipment become black, then white, afterwards red, and finally until a tingeing venom is produced."[2b] [1] _The Turba Philosophorum, or Assembly of the Sages_ (trans. by A. E. WAITE, 1896), p. 128. [2] _Ibid_., p. 193, _cf_. pp. 102 and 152. [1b] _The Turba Philosophorum, or Assembly of the Sages_ (trans. by A. E. WAITE), p. 101, _cf_. pp. 27 and 197.
[2b] _Ibid_., p. 98, _cf_. p. 29. In view of these quotations, the alliance (shall language schools say?) between alchemy and mysticism cannot be asserted to be of late origin. And we shall find similar statements if we go further back in time. To give but one example: "Among the earliest authorities," writes Mr WAITE, "the _Book of Crates_ says that copper, like man, has a spirit, soul, and body," the term "copper" being symbolical and applying to a stage in the alchemical work. But nowhere in the _Turba_ do we meet with the concept of the Philosopher's Stone as the medicine of the metals, a concept characteristic of Latin alchemy, and, to quote Mr WAITE again, "it does not appear that the conception of the Philosopher's Stone as a medicine of metals and of men was familiar to Greek alchemy;"[3] [3] _Ibid_., p. 71.
All this seems to me very strongly to support my view of the origin of alchemy, which requires a specifically Christian mysticism only for this specific concept of the Philosopher's Stone in its fully-fledged form. At any rate,
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